Everything about Nineteenth Dynasty Of Egypt totally explained
The Eighteenth,
Nineteenth, and Twentieth
Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title,
New Kingdom.
Rulers
The
Nineteenth Dynasty was founded by
Vizier Ramesses I, whom
Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne. This dynasty is best known for its military conquests in modern
Israel,
Lebanon, and
Syria. The warrior kings of the early
18th Dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily.
Towards the end of the 18th Dynasty, the situation had changed radically. Helped by
Akhenaten's apparent lack of interest in international affairs, the
Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and
Palestine to become a major power in international politics. A power that both
Seti I and his son
Ramesses II would need to deal with.
Seti I and Ramesses II
New Kingdom Egypt reached the zenith of its power under
Seti I and
Ramesses II ("The Great"), who campaigned vigorously against the
Libyans and the
Hittites. The famous city of
Kadesh was first captured by Seti I before this king decided to concede it to
Muwatalli of
Hatti in an informal peace treaty between Egypt and Hatti. Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an
attack on Kadesh in his Second Syrian campaign in
1274 BC, and was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin, Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as
Tunip where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that a campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military. In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the first recorded peace treaty with
Urhi-Teshub's successor,
Hattusili III and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second
Sed Festival. At least as early as
Josephus, it was believed that
Moses lived during the reign of Ramesses II (though the time of the
Eighteenth Dynasty has also been suggested).
Merneptah
This dynasty declined as internal fighting between the heirs of
Merneptah for the throne increased.
Amenmesse apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor,
Seti II, but he ruled Egypt for only 4 years. After his death, Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at Court by
Chancellor Bay, who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt gaining the unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the
Valley of the Kings (
KV17). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife
Twosret reportedly had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore. After
Siptah's death Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in a revolt led by
Setnakhte, founder of the
Twentieth Dynasty.
Nineteenth Dynasty timeline
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:-1300 till:-1180
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-1292
Colors =
id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
id:PA value:green
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BarData =
barset:Rulers
PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
barset:Rulers
from: -1292 till: -1290 color:PA text:"Ramesses I (1292 BC – 1290 BC)"
from: -1290 till: -1279 color:PA text:"Seti I (1290 BC – 1279 BC)"
from: -1279 till: -1213 color:PA text:"Ramesses the Great (1279 BC – 1213 BC)"
from: -1213 till: -1203 color:PA text:"Merneptah (1213 BC – 1203 BC)"
from: -1203 till: -1199 color:PA text:"Amenmesse (1203 BC – 1199 BC)"
from: -1203 till: -1197 color:PA text:"Seti II (1203 BC – 1197 BC)"
from: -1197 till: -1191 color:PA text:"Siptah (1197 BC – 1191 BC)"
from: -1191 till: -1190 color:PA text:"Twosret (1191 BC – 1190 BC)"
barset:skip
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